Reformation, 1517-1648

 

Print Revolution, 1450-1550

 

Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648

Longest and most destructive war in European history, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians dies as a result of battle, famine, and disease, some parts of Germany had population declines of over 50%

 

The Eighty Years War,1568-1648

Dutch revolt against Spain

 

War of Mantuan Succession, 1628-1631

Proxy war between France and Spain

 

Franco-Spanish War, 1635-1659

 

The Torstenson War, 1643-1645

War between Sweden and Denmark/Norway

 

The Dutch-Portuguese War, 1598-1663

Naval war for overseas empire and trade

 

The Portuguese Restoration War, 1640-1668

War between Spain and Portugal

 

The English Civil War, 1642-1651

Parliamentarians vs Royalists

Part of the wider Wars of Three Kingdoms, 1639-1653

The Anglo-Scottish War, 1650-1652

 

The worst decades of witch hunting were the 1590s, the 1630s, and the 1660s.  Some of the most intense witch panics occurred in southern Germany.  The peak periods of witch hunting correspond with war, outbreaks of disease, and crop failure/famine.